Transactions on Machine Intelligence

Transactions on Machine Intelligence

An Efficient and Load Balanced Task Offloading in Vehicular Internet of things

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 Department of Computer Engineering, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran.
2 Department of Midwifery, School of Medicine, Yasouj University of Medical Sciences, Yasouj, Iran.
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Adiban Institute of Higher Education, Garmsar, Iran.
Abstract
In Vehicular Internet of Things (VIoT) environments, vehicles with limited computational resources often need to offload tasks to other vehicles or edge servers with surplus capacity. However, the highly dynamic and mobile nature of VIoT networks poses significant challenges to guaranteeing timely and efficient task offloading. To address this, we propose a novel approach called Vehicular Internet of Things Task Offloading (VIoT-TO), which partitions the network into a cellular structure and employs reinforcement learning to determine optimal task offloading strategies. Specifically, the system learns how to identify nearby idle task servers either peer vehicles or edge servers within each network cell. The proposed method leverages Q-learning to solve the reinforcement learning problem, with the task offloading modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). The reward function is carefully designed to encourage fair load distribution across servers while also prioritizing servers that are geographically closer, thereby reducing communication latency. As a result, the overall task offloading delay becomes more predictable and manageable. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that VIoT-TO outperforms existing benchmark approaches in terms of task offloading delay, load balancing efficiency, and task completion rate. These findings suggest that VIoT-TO is an effective and scalable solution for real-time task management in vehicular networks.
Keywords

  • Du, Z., Wu, C., Yoshinaga, T., Yau, K.-L. A., Ji, Y., & Li, J. (2020). Federated learning for vehicular Internet of Things: Recent advances and open issues. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. doi:10.1109/OJCS.2020.2992630
  • Ahmed, M., Raza, S., Mirza, M. A., Aziz, A., Khan, M. A., Khan, W. U., … Han, Z. (2022a). A survey on vehicular task offloading: Classification, issues, and challenges. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.05.016
  • Uhlemann, E. (2016). Connected-vehicles applications are emerging [connected vehicles]. IEEE vehicular technology magazine, 11(1), 25–96. doi:10.1109/mvt.2015.2508322
  • Singh, P. K., Nandi, S. K., & Nandi, S. (2019). A tutorial survey on vehicular communication state of the art, and future research directions. Vehicular Communications. 18. doi:10.1016/j.vehcom.2019.100164
  • Boukerche, A., & Soto, V. (2020). Computation Offloading and Retrieval for Vehicular Edge Computing: Algorithms, Models, and Classification. ACM Comput. Surv, 53(4). doi:10.1145/3392064
  • Ravaei, B., Rahimizadeh, K., & Dehghani, A. (2021). Intelligent and hierarchical message delivery mechanism in vehicular delay tolerant networks. Telecommunication Systems. 78, 65–83. doi:10.1007/s11235-021-00801-1
  • Ahmed, M., Raza, S., Mirza, M. A., Aziz, A., Khan, M. A., Khan, W. U., … Han, Z. (2022b). A survey on vehicular task offloading: Classification, issues, and challenges. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.05.016
  • Sun, Y., Zhou, S., & Niu, Z. (2021). Distributed task replication for vehicular edge computing: Performance analysis and learning-based algorithm. IEEE transactions on wireless communications, 20(2), 1138–1151. doi:10.1109/twc.2020.3030889
  • Alghamdi, I., Anagnostopoulos, C., & Pezaros, D. P. (2021). Data quality-aware task offloading in Mobile Edge Computing: An Optimal Stopping Theory approach. Future Generation Computer Systems. 117, 462–479. doi:10.1016/j.future.2020.12.017
  • Dai, P., Hu, K., Wu, X., Xing, H., & Yu, Z. (2021). Asynchronous deep reinforcement learning for data-driven task offloading in MEC-empowered vehicular networks. IEEE INFOCOM 2021 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. Vancouver, BC, Canada. doi:10.1109/infocom42981.2021.9488886
  • Sun, Y., Guo, X., Song, J., Zhou, S., Jiang, Z., Liu, X., & Niu, Z. (2019). Adaptive learning-based task offloading for vehicular edge computing systems. IEEE transactions on vehicular technology, 68(4), 3061–3074. doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2895593
  • Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (2012). An Reinforcement Learning: Introduction. Mit Press.
  • Zhou, S., Sun, Y., Jiang, Z., & Niu, Z. (2019). Exploiting moving intelligence: Delay-optimized computation offloading in vehicular fog networks. IEEE communications magazine, 57(5), 49–55. doi:10.1109/mcom.2019.1800230
Volume 5, Issue 1
Winter 2022
Pages 46-56

  • Receive Date 05 January 2022
  • Revise Date 02 March 2022
  • Accept Date 27 March 2022