Transactions on Machine Intelligence

Transactions on Machine Intelligence

Enhancement of the Ring-Shaped Photonic Crystal Raman Amplifier Using Optofluidic Materials

Document Type : Original Article

Author
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
This study explores the potential of a ring-shaped photonic crystal structure for Raman amplification, focusing on the integration of optofluidic materials to enhance performance. By incorporating optofluidic cavities on both sides of the signal transmission path, the effective refractive index of the medium is modified, leading to a reduction in the group velocity of both the pump and signal waves. This reduction enhances the interaction time between the optical waves, thereby increasing the Raman gain. To further improve performance, a dual-ring structure is introduced and analyzed, comparing its efficiency with that of a single-ring configuration. The impact of structural modifications on the achievable bit rate is also investigated. The numerical analysis is conducted using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, solving Maxwell's equations while accounting for various nonlinear effects, including two-photon absorption (TPA), free-carrier absorption (FCA), the Kerr effect, and self-phase modulation (SPM) in a hybrid photonic crystal waveguide. The proposed design, with a compact length of only 100 µm, demonstrates a significant Raman gain of 19.01 dB. Additionally, the system achieves an impressive bit rate of 0.6493 × 10¹² pulses per second, making it a promising candidate for high-speed, high-gain optical signal amplification in next-generation photonic communication networks.
Keywords

  • Rong, H., Xu, S., Kuo, Y. H., Sih, V., Cohen, O., Raday, O., & Paniccia, M. (2007). Monolithic integrated ring resonator Raman silicon laser and amplifier. Proc. SPIE, 6485, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.714210
  • Jalali, B., Raghunathan, V., & Shori, R. (2006). Prospects of silicon Mid-IR Raman lasers. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 12, 1618-1627. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2006.885340
  • Claps, R., Raghunathan, V., Dimitropoulos, D., & Jalali, B. (2004). Influence of nonlinear absorption on Raman amplification in silicon waveguides. Optics Express, 12, 2774-2780. https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.12.002774
  • Liu, A., Rong, H., & Paniccia, M. (2004). Net optical gain in a low loss silicon-on-insulator waveguide by stimulated Raman scattering. Optics Express, 12, 4261-4268. https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.12.004261
  • Rukhlenko, I. D., & Premaratne, M. (2010). Spectral compression and group delay of optical pulses in silicon Raman amplifiers. Opt. Lett., 35, 3138-3140. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.35.003138
  • Kroeger, F., Ryasnyanskiy, A., Baron, A., Dubreuil, N., Delaye, P., Frey, R., Roosen, G., & Peyrade, D. (2010). Saturation of the Raman amplification by self-phase modulation in silicon nanowaveguides. Applied Physics Letters, 96, 241102-1-241102-3. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3451466
  • Claps, R., Raghunathan, V., Boyraz, O., Koonath, P., Dimitropoulos, D., & Jalali, B. (2005). Raman amplification and lasing in SiGe waveguides. Optics Express, 13, 2459-2466. https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.13.002459
  • Seidfaraji, A., & Ahmadi, V. (2012). Enhanced Raman amplification by photonic crystal based waveguide structure. ICTON, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2012.6254408
  • Seyedfaraji, A., & Ahmadi, V. (2013). Improvement of Raman amplifier bandwidth by means of slow light in photonic crystal based waveguide structure. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 45, 1237-1248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-013-9744-7
  • Seyedfaraji, A., & Ahmadi, V. (2010). Enhanced Raman amplification by hybrid photonic crystals. ICTON, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2010.5549046
  • Yi-Hua, H., Iwamoto, S., & Arakawa, Y. (2013). Design of slow-light grating waveguides for silicon Raman amplifier. CLEO-PR, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOPR.2013.6600134
  • Krause, M., Renner, H., & Brinkmeyer, E. (2010). Silicon Raman amplifiers with ring-resonator-enhanced pump power. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant., 16, 216-225. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2009.2025607
  • Rukhlenko, I. D., Dissanayake, C., Premaratne, M., & Agrawal, G. P. (2010). Optimization of Raman amplification in silicon waveguide with finite facet reflectivities. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant., 16, 226-233. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2009.2030512
  • Monat, C., Corcoran, B., Pudo, D., Ebnali-Heidari, M., Grillet, C., Pelusi, M. D., Moss, B. J., Eggleton, D. J., White, T. P., O'Faolain, L., & Krauss, T. F. (2010). Slow light enhanced nonlinear optics in silicon photonic crystal waveguides. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., 16, 344-356. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2009.2033019
  • Corcoran, B., Monat, C. D., Pelusi, M., Grillet, C., White, T. P., O'Faolain, L., Krauss, T. F., Eggleton, B. J., & Moss, D. J. (2010). Optical signal processing on a silicon chip at 640Gb/s using slow-light. Opt. Express, 18, 7770-7781. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.007770
  • McMillan, J. F., Yang, X., Panoiu, N. C., Osgood, R. M., & Wong, C. W. (2006). Enhanced stimulated Raman scattering in slow-light photonic crystal waveguides. Optics Letters, 31, 1235-1237. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.31.001235
  • Seyedfaraji, A., & Ahmadi, V. (2013). New design of ring-based Raman amplifier using optofluidic materials. Optical Engineering, 52(9), 097103-1 - 097103-6. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.52.9.097103
  • Seyedfaraji, A., & Ahmadi, V. (2016). Enhanced Raman amplification by conventional and hybrid photonic crystal based ring structure. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 48(190), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0448-7
  • Bakhshi, S., Moravvej-Farshi, M. K., & Ebnali-Heidari, M. (2011). Proposal for enhancing the transmission efficiency of photonic crystal 60 waveguide bends by means of optofluidic infiltration. Appl. Opt., 50, 4048-4053. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.50.004048
  • Bakhshi, S., Moravvej-Farshi, M. K., & Ebnali-Heidari, M. (2012). Design of an ultracompact low-power all-optical modulator by means of dispersion engineered slow light regime in a photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Appl. Opt., 51, 2687-2692. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.51.002687
  • Dekker, R., Usechak, N., Först, M., & Driessen, A. (2007). Ultrafast nonlinear all-optical processes in silicon-on-insulator waveguides. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 40, R249-R271. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/40/14/R01
  • Keyvaninia, S., Ahmadi, E. D., Farman, F., Taghiabadi, R., & Bahrampour, A. (2008). Gain variation of Raman amplifier in silicon micro-ring coupled resonator optical waveguides. Proc. SPIE, 6998, 699818-1-699818-8. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782234
  • Kippenberg, T. J. A. (2004). Nonlinear Optics in Ultra-high-Q Whispering-Gallery Optical Microcavities (Ph.D. thesis, California Institute of Technology).
  • Lin, Q., Painter, O. J., & Agrawal, G. P. (2007). Nonlinear optical phenomena in silicon waveguides: Modeling and applications. Optics Express, 15, 16604-16644. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.016604
  • Zheng, W., Xing, M., Ren, G., Johnson, S. G., Zhou, W., Chen, W., & Chen, L. (2009). Integration of photonic crystal polarization beam splitter and waveguide bend. Optics Express, 17, 8657-8668. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.008657
  • Xing, F. F., Borel, P. I., Frandsen, L. H., Harpøth, A., & Kristensen, M. (2004). Optimization of bandwidth in 60 photonic crystal waveguide bends. Opt. Commun., 248, 179-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2004.12.003
Volume 4, Issue 3
Summer 2021
Pages 169-181

  • Receive Date 07 April 2021
  • Revise Date 26 May 2021
  • Accept Date 27 September 2021